Independence[edit]
The Soulbury constitution ushered in
Dominion status, with independence proclaimed on 4 February 1948.
[97] D. S. Senanayake became the first
Prime Minister of Ceylon.
[98] Prominent Tamil leaders like Ponnambalam and
Arunachalam Mahadeva joined his cabinet.
[95][99] The
British Royal Navy remained stationed at
Trincomalee until 1956. A countrywide popular demonstration against withdrawal of the rice ration, known as
Hartal 1953, resulted in the resignation of prime minister
Dudley Senanayake.
[100] S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike was elected prime minister in 1956. His three-year rule had a profound impact through his self-proclaimed role of "defender of the besieged Sinhalese culture".
[101] He introduced the controversial
Sinhala Only Act, recognising
Sinhala as the only official language of the government. Although partially reversed in 1958, the bill posed a grave concern for the Tamil community, which perceived in it a threat to their language and culture.
[102][103][104] The
Federal Party (FP) launched a movement of non-violent resistance (
satyagraha) against the bill, which prompted Bandaranaike to reach an agreement (
Bandaranaike-Chelvanayakam Pact) with
S. J. V. Chelvanayakam, leader of the FP, to resolve the looming ethnic conflict.
[105] However, the pact proved ineffective in the face of ongoing protests by opposition and the Buddhist clergy. The bill, together with various government
colonisation schemes, contributed much towards the political rancour between Sinhalese and Tamil political leaders.
[106] Bandaranaike was
assassinated by an extremist Buddhist monk in 1959.
[107]
The formal ceremony marking the start of self-rule, with the opening of the first parliament at
Independence Square.
Sirimavo Bandaranaike, the widow of late S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, took office as prime minister in 1960, and withstood an
attempted coup d'état in 1962. During her second term as prime minister, the government instituted socialist economic polices, strengthening ties with the
Soviet Union and
China, while promoting a policy of non-alignment. In 1971, Ceylon experienced a
Marxist insurrection, which was quickly suppressed. In 1972, the country became a
republic named Sri Lanka, repudiating its dominion status. Prolonged minority
grievances and the use of communal emotionalism as an election campaign weapon by both Sinhalese and Tamil leaders abetted a fledgling Tamil militancy in the north during the 1970s.
[108] The
policy of standardisation by the Sirimavo government to rectify disparities created in university enrolment, which was in essence an
affirmative action to assist geographically disadvantaged students to obtain tertiary education,
[109] resulted in reducing the proportion of Tamil students at university level and acted as the immediate catalyst for the rise of militancy.
[110][111] The assassination of
Jaffna Mayor Alfred Duraiyappah in 1975 marked a crisis point.
[112][113]
Colombo, 1983: The
Black July, the anti-Tamil pogrom and riots.
The Government of
J. R. Jayawardene swept to power in 1977, defeating the largely unpopular
United Front government.
[114] Jayawardene introduced a
new constitution, together with a
free market economy and a powerful
executive presidency modelled after that of France. It made Sri Lanka the first
South Asian country to
liberalise its economy.
[115] Beginning in 1983, ethnic tensions were manifested in an
on-and-off insurgency against the government by the
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Following the
riots in July 1983, more than 150,000 Tamil civilians fled the island, seeking asylum in other countries.
[116] Lapses in foreign policy resulted in strengthening the Tigers by providing arms and training.
[117][118][119] In 1987, the
Indo-Sri Lanka Accord was signed and the
Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) was deployed in northern Sri Lanka to stabilise the region by neutralising the LTTE.
[120] The same year, the
JVP launched its
second insurrection in Southern Sri Lanka,
[121] necessitating redeployment of the IPKF in 1990.
[122] In 2002, the Sri Lankan government and LTTE signed a Norwegian-mediated ceasefire agreement.
[104]
The
Tamil Tigers bomb the sacred Sri Dalada Maligawa temple resulting in 17 deaths.
The
2004 Asian tsunami killed over 35,000 in Sri Lanka.
[123] From 1985 to 2006, Sri Lankan government and Tamil insurgents held four rounds of peace talks without success. Both LTTE and the government resumed fighting in 2006, and the government officially backed out of the ceasefire in 2008.
[104] In 2009, under the
Presidency of
Mahinda Rajapaksa the
Sri Lanka Armed Forces defeated the LTTE, and re-established control of the entire country by the Sri Lankan Government.
[124][125] Overall, between 60,000 and 100,000 people were killed during the 26 years of conflict.
[126][127]
40,000
Tamil civilians may have been killed in the final phases of the
Sri Lankan civil war, according to an Expert Panel convened by
U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon. The exact number of
Tamils killed is still a speculation that needs further study.
[128] Following the LTTE's defeat, the
Tamil National Alliance, the largest Tamil political party in Sri Lanka, dropped its demand for a
separate state in favour of a
federal solution.
[129][130] The final stages of the war left some 294,000 people displaced.
[131][132] According to the Ministry of Resettlement, most of the displaced persons had been released or returned to their places of origin, leaving only 6,651 in the camps as of December 2011.
[133] In May 2010, President Rajapaksa appointed the
Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission (LLRC) to assess the conflict between the time of the ceasefire agreement in 2002 and the defeat of the LTTE in 2009.
[134][135] Sri Lanka has emerged from its 26-year war to become one of the
fastest growing economies of the world.
[136][137]
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